Nonsurgical and Surgical Root Canal Retreatment: Updated Protocols by Arnaldo Castellucci

— Anatomy of the microscope

— Ergonomics when working with a dental microscope

— Protocols for working with indirect vision in endodontics

— Preparation for successful endodontic retreatment

— A nonsurgical-first approach to retreatment cases

— Literature review and analysis of successful nonsurgical retreatment cases

— When to approach retreatment surgically and when a conservative approach is preferable

— The true definition of the term “retreatment” in endodontics

— The use of high-power ultrasonic units and specialized tips

— Clinical tips for using ultrasonic units and specialized tips for:

- Removing filling materials

- Locating calcified and missed canals

- Refining the access cavity

- Removing restorative materials

- Removing fiber posts

- Removing broken instruments.

— The use of intraoperative CBCT for locating calcified root canals

— The role of CBCT in clinical endodontics and its diagnostic value

— Limitations of two-dimensional radiography in endodontic diagnosis and treatment

— Clinical protocols for bypassing canal ledges

— Retrieval of fractured endodontic instruments: indications, feasibility, and clinical decision-making.

— The evolution of surgical endodontics over the past 15–20 years

— Apical surgery: indications and contraindications

— Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) as an essential diagnostic tool

— The use of the operating microscope in surgical endodontics

— Illumination of the surgical field

— Creation of the bony window

— Identification of the root apex

— Root-end resection angle during apicoectomy and root-end preparation

— Root-end filling materials: mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and bioceramic materials

— Causes of failure following surgical endodontic treatment: the most common errors in surgical procedures.